• Science is both the collection of facts we know about nature and the process by which we obtain those facts.

• Science is the systematic study of nature by testing theories against evidence obtained.

• Science is ongoing: it is a self-correcting process that (ideally) proceeds toward perfection (but never reaches it).

“a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.”

• Watch this video
• Get into pairs
• Work together to complete this worksheet. Feel free to use the whiteboards around the room to sketch things out as you’re brainstorming.
• Consult Garton et al. 2020 to make sure that your answers are complete
• Share your design with the rest of the class
• You will e-mail the worksheet to Chelsea before the end of class today, after a few more exercises…

• Figure 1.4 in Garton et al. 2020 shows trade-offs between certainty and realism/scope of inference
• Without consulting the figure, where would you place the following designs on axes (x = scope of inference, y = certainty): natural history observations, laboratory experiment, model, field experiment, replicated natural experiment, unreplicated natural experiment, multiple approaches

• replication
• controls
• sample size
• power
• procedural inconsistency
• nonuniform treatments
• pseudoreplication

A proposal is an opportunity to:

• critically evaluate your planned research before you invest effort
• receive feedback (from your PI, peers, other experts) before you invest effort
• obtain funding for your research

1. Title

2. Abstract

3. Body

   • text / narrative
     
   • figures / tables
     
   • references
     
   • budget

• As with a scientific paper, it should include elements of

  • introduction
    
  • methods
    
  • (anticipated) results
    
  • discussion

• Focus on introduction & interpretation

• Should convey that project is important & do-able

Q: When should you write the abstract?

Q: When should you write the abstract?

A: Last!

• Introduction
  
• Objectives
  
• Materials & methods
  
• Timeline
  
• Expected results & interpretation
  
• Potential difficulties
  
• Outreach & communication
  
• Data management plan
  
• Budget & justification
  
• References

Most critical part

• helps the writer organize thoughts

• tells the reader what to expect

Consider a two-step approach

1. “The overall goal of this study is to…”

2. “Specifically, I will test the following three hypotheses…”

• Begin with general questions

• End with specific hypotheses/predictions

• Avoid statements like “will be different” or “will show a pattern”

• Use enough detail that a reader could essentially duplicate the study (or envision it accurately)

• Provide important details & omit irrelevant ones

• Sub-headings can be a useful way to organize the section (eg, “Field study”, “Data analysis”)

Outline what will happen & when it will happen

• Should mirror elements of methods section

• Should also include time for writing

• Gantt charts are a great way to show a timeline

• Can use Excel or many R packages (e.g., {ganttrify})

• If the study is planned well, you should be able to describe the possible or likely outcomes

• Consider how each outcome will be interpreted (eg, support for the hypothesis or the predicted alternative)

• Outcomes that cannot be interpreted suggest a vague hypothesis or weak study design

• Be open to the possibility that your hypothesis will not be supported, or that the data will be inconclusive

What could go wrong?

• Consider contingency plans

• Can you modify the objectives or hypotheses?

Two levels engagement to consider:

1. Scientific community

2. General public

• Papers and conferences are the standard means

• Conference travel & publication charges can be costly, so make sure to explicitly address these in the budget

• Graphical abstracts, videos, and social media are becoming increasingly popular

• So-called “broader impacts” strengthen the relationship between the science community and society

• This is an increasingly important aspect of grant proposals

What is the potential for the proposed activity to benefit society or advance desired societal outcomes?

• Match your strategy to the target community

• For example, if you are planning for outreach at elementary schools, you will need to package your research into products children can understand.

To what extent do the proposed activities suggest and explore creative, original or potentially transformative concepts?

• Describe how you will expand on known, effective strategies and give examples of successful ones

• For example, hands-on, project-based learning enhances student performance, increases motivation and engagement, and develops critical thinking.

Is the plan for carrying out the proposed activities well-reasoned, well-organized and based on sound rationale?

• Develop your Broader Impacts plan in the same way you develop the rationale for your research activities, including an evaluation plan.

• For example, how will you gauge the success of engaging an elementary school audience?

How well qualified is the individual / team / institution to conduct the proposed activities?

• Play to your strengths

• For example, if you have a talent for creating games, perhaps you could create a game about a food web that exemplifies your research on the interaction of different fish species.

• Think outside the box

• For example, perhaps there is someone in the education department that would make a good collaborator.

Are there adequate resources available to the principal investigator to carry out the proposed activities?

• Make sure to describe what resources you have

• Make sure to budget for broader impacts activities

• Should address “data chain of custody”

• How will data entry occur (notebooks, tablets)?

• What quality assurance & quality controls (QA/QC) will you use?

• How will data be stored and backed up?

• Will the data be made public? If so, when and where?

Lots of options, including

• Zenodo

• Dryad

• Figshare

• Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity

• DataONE

• Salaries for personnel (faculty, staff, students)

• Benefits (% of salaries; health insurance, retirement)

• Supplies (expendable)

• Equipment (boat, computer, software)

• Travel (fieldwork, visit collaborators, conferences)

• Services (shipping, contract lab fees, publication costs)

• Tuition

• Overhead (often >50%; excludes equipment & tuition)

• Budget justification should be well reasoned & clearly linked to the methods

• Often a specific target of reviewers, so make sure to give this some real thought

• Judicious use of references is especially important for introducing the topic & interpreting the anticipated result

• Make sure a given reference is germane to point being made

• Make sure to check your citations and references section for errors & omissions

• Using a reference manager (EndNote, Zotero) helps with this

This information is taken from COMPASS, an organization that helps scientists to communicate their work and engage beyond the lab and field.

• A message box helps you communicate your information in a way that resonates with your audience

• It can help you prepare for interviews with journalists or employers, plan a presentation, outline papers or lectures, prepare grant proposals, or explain what you do and why it matters to family and friends

Begin by identifying your audience (journalist, school kids, granting agency)

Here are some things you might want to know ahead of time:

• What outlets does this journalist write for and what angle do they typically take?

• Is the policymaker an elected official who answers to constituents, or an agency official who must respond to specific legislative mandates?

• What is the focus or mission of the organization or agency?

• What are the primary concerns of this community?

Identifies the overarching issue or topic that you’re addressing.

• Should be very concise and clear; no more than a couple of words or a short phrase

• For example, something you’d type into a search engine

Broader issue that you’re addressing

• Should reflect your knowledge & area of expertise

• What aspect of the specific situation would matter to your audience?

• Describe what you’ve observed & want to address

• Sets up the So What? section

Perhaps the most important aspect of the message box

• What does my audience value?

• How does this information impact them or something they care about?

• What is important for them to understand about what I’m sharing (scope, time frame)?

Outlines the options for solving the problem you identified

• What changes can be made to the way things currently stand?

• Who can make those changes?

• What would it take to solve the problem(s)?

Benefits of addressing the Problem? if your Solution? is implemented

• Ties into the So What? of why your audience cares, but focuses on the positive results of taking action

• Who does this help, and how?

• What improves in the short term?

• What improves in the long term?

Crafting a meaningful and impactful message takes practice

• Work with a friend or colleague to refine your message

• Work in groups of 2-3 people

• Spend 10 minutes working on your message; issue can be anything you’d like

• Each person gets 2 minutes to present their message box

• Group gives concrete, constructive feedback for ~3 min each

As with a scientific paper, it should include elements of

• Introduction

• Methods

• Results

• Discussion

Typical information found in most abstracts:

• context for your research

• the central question(s) or problem your research addresses

• what previous research has done or shown

• the main goals for your research

• your field, lab and/or analytical methods

• your main findings

• the implications of your findings or arguments

Funders and journals have different requirements for length & format

• point 1 sets the context and need for the work

• point 2 indicates the approach and methods used

• points 3-4 outline the main results

• last point identifies the wider implications and relevance to management or policy

“The final point is the most important of all in maximising the impact of the paper. It should synthesise the paper’s key messages and should be generic, seminal and accessible to non-specialists.”

Instructions

• Find your focal paper from last week’s homework

• Dissect the abstract to identify its structure